Active Voice atau Passive Voice??

Active voice merupakan bentuk “normal” sebuah kalimat. Secara singkat bias dibilang kalo dalam kalimat Active “Object menjadi penderita/korban” dan sebaliknya dalam kalimat passive Subject yang jadi “penderita/korban”

Note : sengaja saya pake kata “penderita/korban” biar gampang diingat.. semoga…  🙂

Active	subject	Verb	object
		>
	Lions	Catch	cows.

Dalam passive voice bentuk kalimat berubah “subject menjadi penderita/korban”

passive	subject	Verb	object
	<
	Cows	are caught	by lions.

Ato bisa dikatakan kalo object pada kalimat aktif akan jadi subject pada kalimat pasif

	subject	Verb	object
active	Lions	catch	cows.
passive	Cows	are caught	by lions.

Bentuk Passive Voice

Semua kalimat pasif punya bentuk yang pasti, yaitu :

BE  + PAST PARTICIPLE (VERB 3)

TENSES		AKTIF	PASIF (be + Verb 3)
TO (InfinA letterive)		to write	To be written
Simple	Present (kebiasaan)	I write a car	A letter is written.
	Past (tadi/dulu)	I wrote a car	A letter was written.
	Future (akan)	I will write a car	A letter will be written.
	Conditional (dulu akan)	I would write a car	A letter would be written.
continuous	Present (sedang)	I am writing a car	A letter is being written.
	Past (Tadi/dulu sedang)	I was writing a car	A letter was being written.
	Future (akan sedang)	I will be writing a car	A letter will be being written.
	Conditional (dulu akan sedang)	I would be writing a car	A letter would be being written.
perfect simple	Present	I have written a letter	A letter has been written.
	Past	I had written a letter	A letter had been written.
	Future	I will have written a letter	A letter will have been written.
	Conditional	I would have written a letter	A letter would have been written.
perfect continuous	present	I have been writing a letter	A letter has been being written.
	Past	I had been writing a letter	A letter had been being written.
	Future	I will have been writing a letter	A letter will have been being written.
	conditional	I would have been writing a letter	A letter would have been being written.

Participles

Ada 2 jenis participle:

1. Present participles (V-ing)

2. Past participles. (Verb 3)

• Present participle ato sering juga disebut active participle selalu berakhiran -ing.

Ex : doing, taking, writing

• Past participle berakhiran -ed,kecuali yang memiliki bentuk irregular (tidak beraturan)

Ex : done, taken, written dll

Contoh participle,

1. It was an exhausting work. (present participle)
2. The exhausted workers were too tired after working. (past participle)

• Pada kalimat pertama “It was an exhausting work.” Berarti pekerjaan yang melelahkan.
• Pada kalimat kedua “The exhausted workers were too tired after working.” Berarti para pekerja yang kelelahan.

Problem Verbs (Kata Kerja) Pada Soal TOEFL

Verbs (Kata Kerja)

Sebelum ngomongin verb (kata kerja) lebih jauh, kita sebaiknya baca lagi posting tentang “BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR” diposting tersebut disebutkan kalo :

1. Tiap kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris harus mempunyai verb (kata kerja)
2. Setiap kata kerja harus menyesuaikan subjeknya

Nah, saya baru aja baca buku TOEFL Preparation, di buku itu ditulis bahwa kapanpun ada kata kerja yang digaris bawahi dalam  soal struktur (error analysis), kita sebaiknya cek kesalahan umum pada kata kerja. (Verb harus menyesuaikan subjek).

ERRORS PADA SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

1. Jika subjek singular (tunggal), verb (kata kerja) juga harus singular (tunggal)
2. Jika Jika subjek plural (jamak), verb (kata kerja) juga harus plural (jamak)

Soal-soal tentang subject-verb agreement pada tes TOEFL gag rumit, tapi beberapa menjebak.

Contoh :

People in big cities tends to use their spare time doing sports or hanging out in parks.

• Kata yang salah adalah

Dying Tree

Then finally you’re in the same stage… and again in the same way. I’m just wondering  how could you enjoy this sweating thing. I my self would be really really bored of it. However, I have no better ideas to choose. Decision could be so significant in this phase but you’ve seen that it won’t be easy to make. You’ll deal with the trunk, branches, leaves, and many other things around your tree. As we’d decided before , it’s always hard to plant but even harder to grow. We’ve known all of these hard things. Then, what we want to know is what you will choose. Those could be planting another tree and making the old one down and dry or you’ll either grow this tree unhealthy or grow this tree with your care.

of course, it won’t be merely on you, but all things around you and of course the tree… Then, once again you have  to consider the sun, ground, water, air, wind, insects and other living things around your tree…  the question then will be, “Could you deal with all those things?”  I have no answer today, you’d better stay with yourself talk with it as you used to do…. it’s such a serious stuff, be careful but be quick as well…

Later, if you find out the answers, we’ll talk about it again…

The Structure section

Yang diujikan dalam Structure Section

1. Grammar,
2. Idiomatic expressions
3. Vocabulary
4. Aspek-aspek lain dalam Bahasa Inggris Standar.

Basic Skills Buat Structure Section

Supaya dapat score maksimal buat Structure kita harus menguasai standar grammar Bahasa Inggris, seperti :

1. Kita harus tau penggunaan parts of speech yang benar dan juga penggunaan yang salah dalam kalimat.
2. Kita harus tau kata apa yang hilang buat melengkapi suatu kalimat
3. Harus paham penggunaan idiomatic expressions jadi tau pas ada kalimat yang kombinasinya gag bener.

Tips Structure Section

Would you marry me?

apa kamu tau apa yang kusuka dari yang tidak kusuka?
apa kamu mendengar apa yang tidak aku katakan?
apa kamu melihat apa yang aku sembunyikan?
apa kamu merasakan apa yang tak pernah kukeluhkan?

jika pertanyaan-pertanyaan itu kau jawab

“Nope, I have no clue…”
berhentilah ada didepanku karena aku bisa sakitimu
karena bisa saja kau terlalu hebat untuk bersamaku
tapi mungkin juga kau terlalu kaku untuk hidupku

Atau “Not now, let’s see…!”
baiklah tetaplah disini dan mari kita berbagi
mungkin esok lusa ato kaulah saparuh hidupku
atau esok lusa kau sudah berlalu dari mukaku

Namun jika kau jawab “Why not?”
kita baiknya bersanding hingga derai nadi berhenti
karena Tuhan mungkin telah rencanakan cerita ini
dan tidak mustahil inilah takdir yang mulai terpahami

Then, Here I am down on my knees,
“Would you marry me?”

“CHILDREN LEARN WHAT THEY LIVE” (Dorothy Law Nolte)

Jika anak dibesarkan dengan celaan, dia belajar memaki

Jika anak dibesarkan dengan permusuhan/kekerasan, dia belajar membenci

Jika anak dibesarkan dengan cemoohan, dia belajar rendah diri

Jika anak dibesarkan dengan hinaan, dia belajar menyesali diri

Jika anak dibesarkan dengan toleransi, dia belajar menahan diri

Jika anak dibesarkan dengan pujian, dia belajar menghargai

Jika anak dibesarkan dengan dorongan, dia belajar percaya diri

Jika anak dibesarkan dengan sebaik-baiknya perlakuan, dia belajar keadilan

Jika anak dibesarkan dengan rasa aman, dia belajar menaruh kepercayaan

Jika anak dibesarkan dengan dukungan, dia belajar menyenangi dirinya

Jika anak dibesarkan dengan kasih sayang dan persahabatan, dia pun belajar menemukan cinta dalam kehidupan

Taken from “CHILDREN LEARN WHAT THEY LIVE” by Dorothy Law Nolte

Children Learn What They Live
By Dorothy Law Nolte, Ph.D.

If children live with criticism, they learn to condemn.
If children live with hostility, they learn to fight.
If children live with fear, they learn to be apprehensive.
If children live with pity, they learn to feel sorry for themselves.
If children live with ridicule, they learn to feel shy.
If children live with jealousy, they learn to feel envy.
If children live with shame, they learn to feel guilty.
If children live with encouragement, they learn confidence.
If children live with tolerance, they learn patience.
If children live with praise, they learn appreciation.
If children live with acceptance, they learn to love.
If children live with approval, they learn to like themselves.
If children live with recognition, they learn it is good to have a goal.
If children live with sharing, they learn generosity.
If children live with honesty, they learn truthfulness.
If children live with fairness, they learn justice.
If children live with kindness and consideration, they learn respect.
If children live with security, they learn to have faith in themselves and in those about them.
If children live with friendliness, they learn the world is a nice place in which to live.

Chairil Anwar (beberapa puisi)

DERAI DERAI CEMARA

cemara menderai sampai jauh
terasa hari akan jadi malam
ada beberapa dahan di tingkap merapuh
dipukul angin yang terpendam

Contoh Teks Hortatory Exposition

Sebelum masuk ke contoh,  mungkin baiknya kita ulang lagi ciri umum dari Hortatory text yuk, biar gag lupa… 🙂

Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) yaitu memaparkan dan mempengaruhi audience (pendengar/pembaca)

Struktur Teks/Generic structure

• Thesis; Pernyataan isu yang dipersoalkan
• Arguments: berupa alasan mengapa ada keprihatinan, dan mengarah ke rekomendasi
• Recomendation: pernyataan tentang bagaimana seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya

CONTOH HORTATORY

Hortatory Exposition

Apa si Hortatory Exposition?

Secara umum Hortatory text sama dengan analytical, namun dalam Hortatory penulis mempengaruhi pembaca supaya melakukan sesuatu sesuai dengan pendapatnya.

“Jadi dalam hortatory akan ada ajakan, tapi dalam analytical tidak ada ajakan”.